Design Basis:

Steam always enters the first heater. Vapors from the first effect are fed to the second heater and so on. The heaters transfer heat indirectly with a shell and tube heat exchanger. The vapor liquor mixture enters the flash vessels and gets separated in 3-stage separation program and more or less pure water vapors enter the 2 nd stage guaranteeing quality of condensate to be recycled. The concentrated liquor enters the 2 nd heater gets heated by indirect contact with the generated vapors and the same procedures is repeated. The overall result of such meticulous design is very encouraging in these days of high energy costs and the Processing Costs on Evaporation plants are amongst the highest in the industry. When the liquor contains soluble organic or inorganic contents, they tend to separate out when solubility is reduced because of either increase in concentration or decrease in temperature or both. The total characteristics of the effluent are seldom known or even if known keep changing as per the product mix. Due to this inconsistent feed quality, there are very high chances of tube fouling and maintenance operations. If the separated solids / crystals are not taken care of properly, they will choke Evaporator, piping or Exchanger tubes. Consequent excessive scaling also would call for stoppages far cleaning. Since Evaporation systems are susceptible to fouling as described above, there is a |imitation to the achievable concentration of the product in an evaporator.

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